Section II: Case Chart
Extraditions and Forcible Returns to China |
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From |
Name |
Details |
Kazakhstan |
Kasim Mapir (Kasim Mahpir or Kasim Mehpir), Hemit Memet (Khamit Memet), and Ilyas Zordun (Ilyas Zordon)
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Background: Three young Uyghur asylum-seekers who fled the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in August 1998.1 Memet was 28 at the time of his return to China.2 Allegations: Suspected involvement in the February 1997 Gulja demonstrations in XUAR.3 Following those demonstrations, their names appeared on wanted posters in XUAR alleging involvement in separatist or subversive activities.4 Treatment Prior to Return: Apprehended by Kazakhstan officials while crossing the border from China in August 1998 and held until February 11, 1999.5 Sought asylum while detained in Kazakhstan.6 Date of Return: February 11, 19997 Treatment Following Return: Reportedly tortured in detention before being sentenced to death.8 Reports vary as what followed. Some suggest all three were executed in October 3, 2000.9 Others suggest Memet was sentenced to death following a secret July 1999 trial, and that the three were executed in August 1999.10 Still other reports suggest a March 2001 trial ending in suspended death sentences and convictions for “splitting the country, illegal storage of firearms, and illegally crossing the border.”11 Status: Unknown |
Turgan Abbas and Ahat Memet |
Background: Two Uyghur students who fled XUAR in August 1999, where they had been detained and interrogated for one month by Chinese authorities.12 Abbas and Memet were 27 and 21, respectively, at the time of their suspected return to China.13 Allegations: Suspected of engaging in “illegal religious” and “separatist” activities in XUAR.14 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested on arrival in Kazakhstan and sentenced in April 2000 to 18 months in prison for “illegally crossing the border.”15 Following release, applied to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in Almaty, Kazakhstan, for refugee status, leading to harassment by Kazakhstan police.16 Reported missing in December 2001 after being taken from their homes by uniformed officers.17 Date of Return: Feared to have been forcibly returned to China based on reports in 2004, although specific date of return unknown.18 Treatment Following Return:Reportedly imprisoned in XUAR.19 Status: Unknown |
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Abdukakhar Idris |
Background: Uyghur tailor and bookkeeper who fled Kashgar, XUAR, in April 2001.20 Idris was in his early twenties when he reportedly went missing in Kazakhstan.21 Allegations: Before fleeing to Kazakhstan, Idris was detained by Chinese authorities for three months on suspicion of funding Uyghur opposition activities.22 Treatment Prior to Return: Detained by Kazakhstan while attempting to cross the border on April 19, 2001.23 Reportedly sentenced on September 19, 2001 to one year in Kazakhstan prison for “illegally crossing the border” and subsequently released on March 7, 2002.24 Following release, approached the UN High Commissioner for Refugees for asylum.25 Date of Return: Reportedly disappeared around March 2003 when he was taken by Kazakhstan police from his home in Almaty, where he was in hiding following release from prison.26 Feared to have been forcibly returned to China, although specific date of return unknown.27 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Abdukadir Sidik |
Background: Uyghur man who fled China in 2004.28 Before fleeing, Sidik was reportedly detained, beaten, and harassed by Chinese authorities in connection with his outspoken political views in support of Uyghur rights.29 Sidik was about 30 at the time of his return to China.30 Allegations: Sidik publicly protested against official Chinese policies on family planning and labor, and their impact on ethnic minorities.31 Treatment Prior to Return: Allegedly sentenced to six months’ imprisonment in Kazakhstan for illegally crossing the border, however Sidik later reported that in fact he was detained for one-and-a-half years.32 He also reported that Chinese police officers interrogated and threatened him while he was detained in Kazakhstan.33 Eventually returned to China “for violation of rules of stay in Kazakhstan.”34 Date of Return: May 10, 200635 Treatment Following Return: Held in incommunicado detention as of June 2006.36 Status: Unknown |
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Yusuf Kadir Tohti (also known as Erdagan37) |
Background: Uyghur man who fled from XUAR in 1996 to became a religious teacher in Kazakhstan.38 He was about 35 at the time of his return to China.39 Allegations: Accused of “separatism” by Chinese authorities.40 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested by Kazakh authorities on March 8, 2006.41 Eventually returned to China by Kazakhstan “for violation of rules of stay in Kazakhstan.”42 Date of Return: May 10, 200643 Treatment Following Return: Held in incommunicado detention as of June 2006.44 Status: Unknown |
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Ershidin Israel |
Background: Uyghur man who fled from XUAR in September 2009 for fear of persecution after providing information to Radio Free Asia relating to a case of alleged torture.45 Israel had previously served six years in prison for “separatism” starting in 1999.46 He was about 38 at the time he was detained in by Kazakhstan authorities.47 Allegations: Wanted in China for activities related to terrorism, in connection with the information provided by Israel to Radio Free Asia.48 Treatment Prior to Return: Israel was granted refugee status by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in mid-March 2010, and was scheduled to depart for resettlement in Sweden on April 1, 2010.49 Kazakhstan denied Israel’s application for an exit visa, and arrested him on June 23, 2010.50 Date of Return: Israel has not yet been extradited. It is feared that he faces possible forcible return to China. Treatment Following Return: Israel has not yet been extradited. It is feared that he faces possible forcible return to China. Status: Status Update: Israel reportedly has been deported to China as of June 1, 2011. |
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Kyrgyzstan |
Jelil Turdi (Zhalil Turdi) |
Background: Uyghur trader who fled XUAR to Kyrgyzstan, where he lived for three years and married a Kyrgyz citizen.52 He was 28 at the time of his return to China.53 Allegations: Suspected of involvement in a nationalist opposition group in China.54 Treatment Prior to Return: Initially detained for several days in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, in March 2000 for carrying an illegal residence permit.55 Upon release, Turdi was ordered by Kyrgyzstan not to leave Bishkek.56 Re-arrested after a few weeks and allegedly tortured by Chinese officers taking part in Turdi’s interrogation.57 Reportedly escorted back to China by Chinese officers following interrogation, under arrangements made by China’s embassy in Bishkek, with the cooperation of the Kyrgyzstan General Procuracy.58 Date of Return: Late April 200059 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
Memet Sadik (Mamet Sadyk) and Memet Yasin (Mamet Yasyn) |
Background: Both men of Uyghur ethnicity.60 Allegations: Suspected “international Islamic terrorists” alleged to be members of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement who were planning “terrorist attacks” in Kyrgyzstan, including an attack on the U.S. embassy in Bishkek.61 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested in a reported “joint operation by Chinese, U.S., and Kyrgyz special services.”62 Dates and periods of detention unknown. Date of Return: May 23, 200263 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Rahmutulla Islayil (Israil Rakhmutullah or Rahmatulla Ismail) and Arken Yakuf (Yakub Erkin) |
Background: Two Uyghur men from Urumqi, XUAR.64 Allegations: Reported members of terrorist groups, including the “Shark Azutlyk Turkestan extremist separatist organization” and the East Turkestan Liberation Organization, and accused of killing two men in Bishkek, including Chinese embassy official Wang Jianping.65 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested in Kyrgyzstan on July 3, 2002, on charges relating to the killings described above.66 Subsequently handed over to Chinese officials following a request by China’s Ministry of Public Security.67 Date of Return: July 200268 Treatment Following Return: Reportedly sentenced to death by the Urumqi Intermediate People’s Court on January 12, 2004 and executed in March or April of 2004.69 |
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Tajikistan |
Ablimit Dawatoglu (Abdulhamit Davutoğlu), Kamiljan Omeroglu (Kemal Ömeroğlu), and Ehmet Rashidi (Ahmet Reşit) |
Background: Three Uyghur businessmen with Turkish citizenship currently held by Tajikistan authorities, under suspected pressure from the Chinese government.70 During the 1990s, Dawatoglu’s brother was executed in Hotan, XUAR, on charges of “splittism.”71 Dawatoglu left China in the years following his brother’s execution due to heightened scrutiny by state security officials.72 Dawatoglu and Reshidi own stores selling Chinese goods in Dushanbe, Tajikistan,73 and are married to Tajikistan citizens.74 Allegations: Unknown Treatment Prior to Return: Dawatoglu was reportedly detained by security forces in Dushanbe on January 8, 2011.75 Omeroglu and Rashidi were reportedly detained on January 9, 2011, when they went to the police department in Dushanbe to inquire about Dawatoglu.76 Date of Return: Unknown whether the men have been extradited. It is feared that they face possible forcible return to China. Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown. Turkish officials have not received a response from Tajikistan to inquiries about the arrests.77 |
Uzbekistan |
Huseyin Celil (Husein Dzhelil or Huseyin Jelil) |
Background: Uyghur Muslim born in XUAR in 1969.78 First arrested in 1994 for Uyghur rights activism, Celil escaped after one month’s imprisonment, during which he was allegedly tortured,79 and fled to Uzbekistan and eventually Turkey, where the UN High Commissioner for Refugees granted him refugee status.80 In 2001, Celil moved to Canada, where he was granted political asylum and obtained Canadian citizenship.81 Allegations: Accused by Chinese authorities of terrorism, “splittism,” political and religious separatism, subversive activities, and founding a separatist political party.82 Treatment Prior to Return: Following his escape from China, Celil was tried in absentia and sentenced to death by the Urumqi Intermediate People’s Court for “plotting to split the country” and “terrorist” activities.”83 On March 27, 2006, Celil was arrested in Uzbekistan, where he was visiting relatives, while trying to extend his one-month visa.84 Date of Return: June 200685 Treatment Following Return: Celil said he underwent two weeks of all-night interrogation during which he was threatened with death and disappearance.86 Celil’s death sentence was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment.87 Status: Serving life sentence, as most recently reported in January 2011.88 |
Rehmetjan Ehmet |
Background: Uyghur millionaire and businessman temporarily living in Uzbekistan for business.89 He was 30 at the time of his return to China. Allegations: Suspected of “supporting Uyghur’s human rights.”90 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested in Uzbekistan on May 11, 2007.91 Date of Return: Reportedly returned to China immediately following his May 11, 2007 arrest.92 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Extraditions and Forcible Returns to Kyrgyzstan |
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From |
Name |
Details |
Kazakhstan |
Askar Tokhti, Bakhramzhan Elimov (Bakhramjan Alimov or Berhamjan Alimov), Ali Mansumu, Akhmet Gyunan, Nazar Chotchayev, and I. Akhmetov |
Background: Three Chinese nationals of Uyghur ethnicity (Tokhti, Elimov, and Mansumu), a Chinese or Turkish national of Uyghur ethnicity (Gyunan), a Russian national of Karachai ethnicity (Chotchayev), and a Kyrgyzstan national (Akhmetov).93 Allegations: Accused of participation in the suspected terrorist bombing of a minibus taxi in Osh, Kyrgyzstan, resulting in the deaths of four people.94 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested and detained on August 25, 1998, in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on charges of “illegal possession of firearms.”95 Official requests for extradition sent by Kyrgyzstan to the Office of the General Prosecutor of the Republic of Kazakhstan in February 1999.96 Date of Return: February 199997 Treatment Following Return: Reportedly beaten by law enforcement officers while in pre-trial detention.98 Tokhti, Elimov, Gyunan, and Chotchayev were sentenced to death on March 12, 2001, but were not executed due to a national moratorium on the death penalty.99 Mansumu was sentenced to 25 years in prison.100 Akhmetov received a prison sentence of unknown length.101 Status: Presumed to be serving prison sentences in Kyrgyzstan. |
Russian Federation |
Abdulrasul Mamarakhimov |
Background: Kyrgyz national of Uzbek ethnicity who had been working as a migrant laborer in Russia since 2008.102 He was 48 when he was returned to Kyrgyzstan.103 Allegations: Reportedly accused of “fomenting ethnic, racial, and religious hatred.”104 Treatment Prior to Return: Mamarakhimov had applied for asylum in Russia, but was ordered extradited October 14, 2008, two days before delivery of a court decision on his asylum claim.105 However, while in Kazakhstan during his extradition journey from Russia to Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan officials permitted him to be interviewed by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, which concluded that he was in need of international protection.106 Kazakhstan authorities permitted him to remain in Kazakhstan while the office identified a resettlement country.107 Date of Return: Mamarakhimov has not yet been returned to Kyrgyzstan, but risk of forcible return remains. Treatment Following Return: Mamarakhimov has not yet been returned to Kyrgyzstan, but risk of forcible return remains. Status: In detention in Kazakhstan as of December 2009.108 |
Moldomusa Kongantiyev |
Background: Former Interior Minister of Kyrgyzstan who fled to Russia following deadly April 2010 riots, which eventually led to the collapse of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev’s government.109 Allegations: Held responsible by Kyrgyzstan’s subsequent interim government for instigating violent clashes between protestors and security forces during the April 2010 riots in Kyrgyzstan.110 Treatment Prior to Return: Detained by joint Russian and Kyrgyzstan security forces on April 25, 2010.111 Date of Return: Immediately following April, 25, 2010 detention.112 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Extraditions and Forcible Returns to the Russian Federation |
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From |
Name |
Details |
China |
Shapenkov Nikolay |
Background: Russian sailor who began serving aboard the cargo ship DD Leader after arriving in China on December 12, 2004.113 Allegations: Accused of beating a crewmate to death in January or February 2005.114 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested and detained by Shanghai police following the crewmate’s death.115 Russia’s embassy in China made a formal request for extradition to the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs on February 10, 2010.116 A September 2006 order of extradition by the Shanghai High People's Court was upheld by an appellate ruling issued in January 2007, and was reportedly awaiting approval by China’s State Council as of that time.117 Date of Return: Judicial extradition order awaiting approval by China’s State Council as of January 2007.118 Unknown whether Nikolay has been extradited pursuant to State Council’s approval. Treatment Following Return: Unknown whether Nikolay has been extradited pursuant to State Council’s approval. Status: Unknown whether Nikolay has been extradited. |
Kazakhstan |
Z. Ziyavutbitbinov |
Background: Unknown Allegations: Suspected involvement in a terrorist act in the town of Buinakske, in Russia’s Dagestan republic.119 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested by Kazakhstan authorities and handed over to Russian law enforcement Agencies in May 2001.120 Date of Return: May 2001121 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
R. Kushagov |
Background: Russian national122 Allegations: Accused of “having committed serious crimes of a terrorist nature in the North Caucasus region.”123 Treatment Prior to Return: Identified, arrested, and detained by Kazakhstan authorities in September 2003.124 Handed over to Russian Federation authorities on April 20, 2004, with the approval of the Office of the Procurator General of Kazakhstan.125 Date of Return: April 20, 2004126 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Rustam Chagilov (also known as Abdul-Shahid) |
Background: Russian national from the Karachai-Circassia republic in the North Caucasus region of the Russian Federation.127 Chagilov was about 27 when he was returned to the Russian Federation.128 Allegations: Suspected of having links with Al-Qaeda in the North Caucasus region and of involvement in terrorist activities in Dagestan and Chechnya, where it is alleged that he received training in terrorist camps.129 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested in Kazakhstan following joint operation with security authorities of the Russian Federation, which placed him on a wanted list in June 2005 for suspected criminal activity in Chechnya.130 Date of Return: September 1, 2005131 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Extraditions and Forcible Returns to Tajikistan |
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From |
Name |
Details |
Russian Federation |
Saidamir Karimov |
Background: Originally from the village of Pyanj in Tajikistan.132 Allegations: One of seven men charged with murdering former Tajikistan Deputy Interior Minister Habib Sanginov on April 11, 2001.133 Treatment Prior to Return: Left Tajikistan for Moscow on April 20, 2001, where he was subsequently arrested by Russian police and extradited to Tajikistan.134 Date of Return: May 14, 2001135 Treatment Following Return: While awaiting trial in detention, Karimov claimed he and his co-defendants were tortured, including beatings and electric shocks to the anus, genitals, fingers, nose, and ears.136 Eventually sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of Tajikistan.137 After intervention by the UN Human Rights Committee, the sentence was commuted to 25 years in prison on December 2002.138 Status: Presumed to be serving his prison sentence. |
Yakub Salminov (Yoqub Salimov) |
Background: Former Interior Minister of Tajikistan who fled to Russia after being implicated in a 1997 mutiny.139 Allegations: Wanted by the Tajikistan authorities on charges of “treason, banditry, and leading an armed attempt to overthrow the government.”140 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested and detained in Moscow in July 2003.141 Subsequently extradited to Tajikistan as part of deal with Russian authorities that included a pledge not to execute Salimov.142 Some suggest that Salminov was extradited in return for an agreement to allow a new Russian military base in Tajikistan.143 Date of Return: February 2004144 Treatment Following Return: Sentenced to 15 years in prison in April 2005 for crimes against the state and high treason following a closed trial.145 Status: Reported in 2010 to be in prison serving his 15-year sentence.146 |
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Mahmadruzi Iskandarov (Mukhamadruzi Iskandarov) |
Background: Tajik national and leader of the opposition Democratic Party of Tajikistan who fled to the Russian Federation in December 2004.147 Allegations: Accused by Tajik authorities of terrorism, illegal use of personal bodyguards, illegal possession of firearms and ammunitions, and embezzlement in connection with Tajik state-owned enterprises.148 Treatment Prior to Return: Detained by Russian authorities in December 2004 pursuant to an extradition request from Tajikistan.149 Released in early April 2005 after the extradition request was denied.150 Apprehended, detained, and held incommunicado on April 15 and 16, 2005, by unidentified individuals alleged to be Tajik security officers before being forcibly returned to Tajikistan.151 Date of Return: April 17, 2005152 Treatment Subsequent to Return: Allegedly tortured during initial days of detention following return to Tajikistan and coerced into making a confession.153 On October 5, 2005, convicted of terrorism, illegal storage of firearms and ammunitions, and embezzlement, and sentenced to 23 years in prison.154 Current Status: Reported in 2010 to be serving his sentence despite a September 2010 ruling from the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) that his detention constituted a violation of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.155 |
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Extraditions and Forcible Returns to Uzbekistan |
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From |
Name |
Details |
Kyrgyzstan |
Kozimbek Zakirov |
Background: Unknown Allegations: “Religious extremism”156 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested in the town of Taldy-Kurgan, Kazakhstan, on March 5, 1999.157 Date of Return: Sometime between March 5, 1999 and June 28, 1999158 Treatment Following Return: Sentenced to death for “religious extremism” by the Supreme Court of Uzbekistan on June 28, 1999.159 Reportedly executed in August 1999.160 |
Rukhiddin Fakhruddinov |
Background: An imam, or religious leader, from Uzbekistan, who was being held in Kazakhstan along with eight other religious followers of the prominent imam Obidkhon Nazarov.161 Allegations: Accused of violating 11 articles of the Criminal Code of Uzbekistan.162 Treatment Prior to Return: Reportedly detained, along with eight others, in November 2005 in Shymkent, Kazakhstan.163 Date of Return: November 2005164 Treatment Following Return: Held in incommunicado detention until March 2006, when he was sentenced to 17 years’ imprisonment following a closed trial in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.165 Alleged to have been subjected to severe torture while detained in Uzbekistan.166 Status: Unknown |
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Khurshid Shamsuddinov |
Background: Asylum seeker from Uzbekistan who, prior to his November 2007 disappearance, was warned by relatives that Uzbekistan authorities were seeking his extradition from Kazakhstan.167 Allegations: Suspected of membership in a banned Islamic movement.168 Treatment Prior to Return: Went missing and feared abducted after leaving his home in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in November 2007.169 Despite state-sponsored news reports in Uzbekistan that he voluntarily traveled to Moldova and was subsequently deported to Turkey, supporters have received no verifying communications from Shamsuddinov, who they claim did not have the necessary documentation or funds for such travel, and who reportedly left his home the day of his disappearance without any personal belongings or warm outer clothes.170 Date of Return: Feared to have been forcibly returned to Uzbekistan, although specific date of return unknown. Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Khurshid Kamilov |
Background: Kyrgyzstan citizen of Uzbekistan origin who was detained during a coordinated campaign to apprehend illegal immigrants in Kazakhstan.171 As of December 2, 2010, 29 other apprehended detainees, reportedly devout Muslims who fled Uzbekistan out of fear of religious persecution, have requested asylum and remain detained by Kazakhstan authorities.172 Allegations: Wanted in Uzbekistan for alleged involvement in the murder of two police officers and participation in “extremist and terrorist activities.”173 Treatment Prior to Return: Detained by police in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in June 2010 during a coordinated campaign to apprehend illegal immigrants.174 Date of Return: September 8, 2010175 Treatment Following Return: Reportedly imprisoned in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, as of December 2, 2010.176 |
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Kabul Parpiev177 |
Background: A leader of the May 2005 uprising in Andjian, Uzbekistan.178 Allegations: Suspected of religious extremism and affiliation with Islamic extremist groups, and wanted in Uzbekistan in connection with the May 2005 Andijan uprising.179 Treatment Prior to Return: Allegedly apprehended by Uzbek authorities in Kazakhstan, along with over 40 other men allegedly involved in the Andijan uprising.180 However, the Uzbek government claimed they were detained in Uzbekistan, not Kazakhstan.181 Date of Return: December 2005182 Treatment Following Return: Kabul and the others were reportedly sentenced to various prison terms ranging from 4-20 years.183 There are also reports that Kabul and the others were tortured while in detention.184 Status: Presumed to be serving prison sentence in Uzbekistan. |
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Kazakhstan |
Saidakhmad Kholmatov |
Background: An Uzbekistan national who was about 36 when he was returned to Uzbekistan.185 Allegations: Unknown Treatment Prior to Return: Unknown Date of Return: September 27, 2010186 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
Umarali Abdurakhmanov |
Background: Tajikistan citizen and ethnic Uzbek asylum-seeker who was about 35 when he was returned to Uzbekistan.187 Allegations: Unknown Treatment Prior to Return: Detained in early 2010 in the city of Taraz, Kazakhstan.188 Date of Return: October 30, 2010189 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Rasul Rakhmonov |
Background: Uzbekistan national who was about 23 when he was returned to Uzbekistan.190 Allegations: Unknown Treatment Prior to Return: Unknown Date of Return: November 20, 2010191 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Zakirzhon Khasanov, Mukhamad Abdurakhmanov,and Talatbek Nuraliyev |
Background: Unknown Allegations: Wanted in Uzbekistan on charges of religious extremism.192 Treatment Prior to Return: Detained by Kyrgyz “special services” officers in Bishkek in March 1999.193 Date of Return: Sometime between March and June 1999194 Treatment Following Return: Sentenced to death on June 28, 1999 following a reportedly unfair trial in Uzbekistan, and executed on August 17, 1999.195 |
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Rasul Pirmatov, Jahongir Maksudov, Odiljon Rahimov, Yakub Tashbaev,andFayezjon Tajihalilov |
Background: Four Uzbek refugees (Pirmatov, Maksudov, Rahimov, and Tashbaev) and an Uzbek asylum-seeker (Tajihalilov), who was registered with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees.196 The five were among hundreds who fled to Kyrgyzstan following the May 2005 uprising in Andjian, Uzbekistan.197 Allegations: Wanted in Uzbekistan in connection with the May 2005 Andijan uprising. Treatment Prior to Return: Detained by Kyrgyz authorities from June 9, 2005 to August 8, 2006.198 While in Kyrgyzstan, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in Bishkek recognized the status of Pirmatov, Maksudov, Rahimov, and Tashbaev as refugees and found countries willing to safely resettle them, but the Kyrgyz Supreme Court denied their application for refugee status in June 2005.199 Date of Return: August 8, 2006200 Treatment Following Return: Pirmatov, Maksudov, and Odiljon respectively sentenced to “deprivation of liberty” for 20 years, 11 years, and 13 years, to be served in “general regime prison colonies.”201 Tashbaev sentenced to three years of “punitive work,” subsequently suspended.202 Tajihalilov sentenced to 17 years’ “deprivation of liberty.”203 Status: Unknown |
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Ilhom Abdunabiev, Bakhtiar Ahmedov, Valim Babajanov,and Saidullo Shakirov |
Background: Four Uzbek asylum-seekers who were among hundreds who fled to Kyrgyzstan following the May 2005 uprising in Andjian, Uzbekistan.204 Allegations: Possibly suspected of being connected with the May 2005 Andijan uprising.205 Treatment Prior to Return: Abdunabiev and Ahmedov disappeared in Osh, Kyrgyzstan, on August 23, 2006, after applying for refugee status with the Kyrgyz State Committee for Migration and Employment.206 Babajanov and Shakirov were witnessed being taken from their temporary homes by men in plainclothes on August 16 and 17, 2006, respectively.207 Date of Return: Unknown, although Babajanov was reportedly in the custody of the Uzbek National Security Service by August 21, 2006.208 Treatment Following Return: Reportedly in the custody of the Uzbek National Security Service by August 21, 2006.209 Status: Unknown |
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Isroil Kholdorov |
Background: Uzbek rights defender and former regional leader of the banned Erk secular opposition party in Uzbekistan who fled to Kyrgyzstan following the May 2005 uprising in Andjian.210 Kholdorov spoke to international media about mass graves following the Andjian uprising and organized an unauthorized demonstration in Kara-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, on the anniversary of Andijan events in May 2006.211 Allegations: Wanted in Uzbekistan for various offenses against the state, including attempting to overthrow constitutional order.212 Treatment Prior to Return: Unclear whether Kholdorov returned to Uzbekistan voluntarily or whether he was abducted and forcible returned from Kyrgyzstan by Uzbek security forces.213 Date of Return: Sometime before September 2006214 Treatment Following Return: Detained in Uzbekistan in September 2006 and subsequently sentenced to six years’ imprisonment.215 All appeals were rejected in 2007.216 Status: Presumed to be serving prison sentence in Uzbekistan. |
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Otabek Muminov |
Background: Uzbek asylum-seeker who fled Uzbekistan in 2001. Allegations: Suspected member of the Islamic political organization Hizb-ut-Tahrir, which is banned in Uzbekistan.217 Treatment Prior to Return: Detained in Osh, Kyrgyzstan, in 2006 and sentenced to three years in prison for inciting religious hatred and illegally crossing the border.218 Subsequently deported in June 1, 2007 following an extradition request from Uzbekistan one month earlier, despite reports that Muminov’s families had been given guarantees that he would not be extradited.219 Date of Return: June 1, 2007220 Treatment Following Return: Unknown Status: Unknown |
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Erkin Kholikov |
Background: Uzbek national who had fled to Kyrgystan. Allegations: Wanted in Uzbekistan for “terrorism, attacks on the constitutional order of Uzbekistan by or on behalf of an organized group, illegal departure from or entry into Uzbekistan by prior conspiracy, organization of a criminal group, and formation, leadership of or participation in religious extremist, separatist, fundamentalist, or other prohibited organizations.”221 Treatment Prior to Return: Sentenced by Kyrgyz court on March 6, 2008, to four years’ imprisonment for concealing crimes carried out in southern Kyrgyzstan in 2006 by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, a terrorist group, and for illegally crossing the border.222 Kyrgyz officials decided to extradite Kholikov to Uzbekistan in May 2008.223 Date of Return: May 15, 2008 Treatment After Return: Convicted on September 29, 2008, by the Kashkadarya Regional Criminal Court in Uzbekistan of “Islamic extremism and terrorism,” and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment.224 Current Status: Presumed to be serving prison sentence in Uzbekistan. |
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Sanjar Hudaiberganov and Sarvarbek Erkinzoda |
Background: An Uzbek national (Hudaiberganov) and his young son (Erkinzoda).225 Erkinzoda was about 11 when he and his father were reported disappeared in Kyrgyzstan.226 Hudaiberganov was allegedly detained in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in February 1999. During detention he suffered injuries inflicted by torture requiring hospitalization.227 Allegations: Suspected in connection with terrorism allegations relating to Hudaiberganov’s family, including Sanjar Hudaiberganov’s brother, Iskandar Hudaiberganov.228 Treatment Prior to Return: An asylum seeker in Kyrgyzstan, Hudaiberganov visited a migration services office on July 30, 2009 to extend registration documents.229 He and his son were reported disappeared and feared abducted for forcible return soon after.230 Date of Return: Feared to have been forcibly returned to Uzbekistan, although specific date of return unknown. Treatment After Return: Unknown Current Status: Unknown |
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Russian Federation |
Polvonnazar Khodzhayev |
Background: Uzbek national who was 25 when he was returned to Uzbekistan.231 Allegations: Accused of involvement in killings and robberies in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in 1999 and early 2000.232 Suspected of being trained in “terrorist” camps abroad.233 Eventually convicted on charges of attempting to overthrow constitutional order and create an Islamist state in Uzbekistan.234 Treatment Prior to Return: Detained by police officers at a rail station in Samara, Russia, during an examination of his documents in early April 2000.235 Date of Return: April 7, 2000236 Treatment Following Return: Reportedly beaten and given electric shocks while detained in Uzbekistan.237 Eventually convicted of attempting to overthrow constitutional order and create an Islamist state in Uzbekistan by the Tashkent Regional Court on May 14, 2000 and sentenced to death following a trial which, according to independent monitors, failed to meet international fair trial standards.238 Reportedly executed.239 |
Abdugani Kamaliyev (Abdugani Kamaliev or Abdugani Kamaliyevy) (born Abdugani Tursinov) |
Background: An Uzbek national who was about 49 when he was returned to Uzbekistan.240 Allegations: Accused of being an adherent to an extremist religious movement and violating provisions of Uzbekistan’s Criminal Code against “encroachment on the constitutional order” of Uzbekistan.241 Treatment Prior to Return: Detained in Russia for six days without being given the opportunity to notify his family or lawyer.242 Eventually deported to Uzbekistan following hearings at which he was unrepresented by an attorney and despite an interim order of the ECHR staying the deportation proceedings.243 Date of Return: December 2007244 Treatment Subsequent to Return: Allegedly tortured during preliminary investigations, he was reportedly “hung by his feet, with his teeth sawed down by a file.”245 Sentenced to 11 years in prison on February 26, 2008 for incitement to racial hatred, attempts to overthrow the constitutional regime, and participation in prohibited religious organizations.246 Current Status: Reportedly imprisoned in Uzbekistan, as of December 2, 2010.247 |
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Atabek Tukhtamuradov |
Background: Uzbek national residing in the city of Perm in the Russian Federation.248 Allegations: Alleged to be a member of an “Islamic jihad group” who reportedly enlisted new members to be trained in terrorist camps in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and elsewhere.249 Wanted in Uzbelistan on criminal accusations of “terrorism, the kindling of inter-ethnic and religious strife, an attempt to undermine the constitutional system, the organization of a criminal group, and smuggling.”250 Treatment Prior to Return: Following an investigation by the Russian Federal Security Service, ordered deported to Uzbekistan by a court in the Industrial District of Perm.251 Date of Return: June 21, 2009252 Treatment After Return: Unknown Current Status: Unknown |
|
Ambullazhon Isakov (Abdullazhon Isakov or Abdulazhon Isakov) |
Background: Uzbek national who moved to Russia in 1989.253 Allegations: Convicted in absentia in Uzbekistan on June 12, 1998 of “actively participating in the subversive activities of an extremist movement … by conducting the holy war ‘jihad’ to create an Islamic state.”254 Treatment Prior to Return: Arrested in Russia on March 6, 2008 in Tyumen, Russia, and placed in detention pending extradition proceedings.255 On November 10, 2008, the ECHR issued an interim order to stay the deportation proceedings.256 Eventually granted temporary asylum for one year on March 17, 2010.257 On July 8, 2010 the ECHR ruled that Isakov’s detention constituted a violation of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.258 Date of Return: Isakov has not yet been returned to Uzbekistan, but risk of forcible return remains. Treatment Subsequent to Return: Isakov has not yet been returned to Uzbekistan, but risk of forcible return remains. Current Status: As of July 8, 2010, detained in Tyumen, Russia.259 |
|
Tajikistan |
Iskandar Khudaiberganov (Iskandar Khudoberganovor Iskandar Hudaiberganov) |
Background: An Uzbek national who was about 28 when he was returned to Uzbekistan.260 Allegations: Wanted in Uzbekistan for “attempting to overthrow the constitutional order,” “setting up an illegal group,” “premeditated, aggravated murder,” and “terrorism” in connection with bomb explosions in Tashkent in February 1999.261 Further accused of receiving military training in Chechnya and Tajikistan.262 Treatment Prior to Return: Detained in Tajikistan and handed over to Uzbek law enforcement officers.263 Date of Return: February 5, 2002264 Treatment Following Return: Detained by the Uzbekistan Ministry of Internal Affairs for one week after his forcible return, then transferred to the National Security Service in Tashkent.265 Khudoberganov claimed to have been tortured during pre-trial detention.266 On November 28, 2002, Khudoberganov was sentenced to death, based in part on evidence feared to have been extracted through torture.267 Status: Reported in 2008 to be in poor health on death row, where he contracted tuberculosis.268 The UN Human Rights Committee began considering Khudoberganov’s case in 2002, pursuant to which Uzbekistan’s supreme court said it would not execute Khudoberganov during the committee’s consideration.269 |
<- Appendix D.1: Reported or Suspected Extradictions or Forcible Returns Matrix | Main | Appendix E: Military and Law Enforcement Cooperation between Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization ->
Endnotes
1. U.S. Department of State, 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China (Washington DC: 2000), http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/1999/284.htm. See also Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners. The Trend Towards Abolition in the Former Soviet Space (Amnesty International: 2004), 50, http://www.amnesty.org/fr/library/asset/EUR04/009/2004/en/4ceaf140-d548-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/eur040092004en.pdf; Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror” (Amnesty International: 2004), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/021/2004/en/4ada86b9-d5cd-11dd-bb24-1fb85fe8fa05/asa170212004en.html. ^
2.Amnesty International, China: Gross Violations of Human Rights in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Includes Erratum) (Amnesty International: 1999), 79, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/018/1999/en/75880894-e285-11dd-abce-695d390cceae/asa170181999en.pdf (ages for Mapir and Zordun not specified). ^
3. See Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 50; Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1. For more information on the 1997 Gulja incident, see Amnesty International, China: Remembering the Victims of Police Brutality in Gulja, Xinjiang on 5–6 February 1997 (Amnesty International: 2005), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/005/2005/en. ^
4. See U.S. Department of State, 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China, supra n. 1 (describing how the three men fled XUAR “after wanted posters went up listing them as separatists”); Amnesty International, China: Gross Violations of Human Rights in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Includes Erratum), supra n. 2, at 79 (indicating Memet’s “name appeared in 1998 wanted poster for alleged subversive activities”). ^
5. U.S. Department of State, 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China, supra n. 1. ^
6. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 50; Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1. ^
7. Ibid. See also U.S. Department of State, 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China, supra n. 1. ^
8. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 50; Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1. ^
9. Dolkun Isa, Uyghur Situation in Central Asia Countries (in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan), OSCE Doc. HDIM.NGO/68/07 (2007), http://www.osce.org/odihr/27056. ^
10. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 50; Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1. ^
11. Ibid. ^
12. Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1. ^
13. Ibid. ^
14. Ibid. ^
15. Ibid. ^
16. Ibid. ^
17. Ibid. ^
18. Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1; Amnesty International, “Open Letter on Uighur Asylum Seekers in Cambodia,” December 16, 2009, http://www.amnesty.org.nz/news/open-letter-uighur-asylum-seekers-cambodia. ^
19. Ibid. ^
20. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 50-51; Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1. ^
21. Ibid. ^
22. Ibid. ^
23. Ibid. ^
24. Ibid. ^
25. Ibid. ^
26. Ibid. ^
27. Ibid. ^
28. A 2008 report stated that Sidik fled China in 2004. See Amnesty International, Kazakstan: Summary of Concerns on Torture and Ill-Treatment: Briefing for the United Nations Committee against Torture, November 2008 (Amnesty International: 2008), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR57/001/2008/en/1b06381e-8bd5-11dd-8e5e-43ea85d15a69/eur570012008en.html. See also Amnesty International, Central Asia: Summary of Human Rights Concerns. January 2006 – March 2007 (Amnesty International: 2007), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR04/001/2007/en/1115bfaf-d3a7-11dd-a329-2f46302a8cc6/eur040012007en.html. ^
29. Amnesty International, Central Asia: Summary of Human Rights Concerns. January 2006 – March 2007, supra n. 28. For more information on Sidik, see Amnesty International, Kazakstan – Amnesty International Report 2007 (Amnesty International: 2007), http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/kazakstan/report-2007; Amnesty International, Kazakstan: Further Information on Forcible Return/Torture/Death Penalty (Amnesty International: 2006), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR57/002/2006/en/5c2bfbd4-d419-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/eur570022006en.html; Amnesty International, Kazakstan: Summary of Concerns on Torture and Ill-Treatment: Briefing for the United Nations Committee against Torture, November 2008, supra n. 28. ^
30. Ibid. ^
31. Ibid. ^
32. Ibid. ^
33. Ibid. ^
34. Ibid. ^
35. Ibid. ^
36. Ibid. See also U.N. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,” U.N. Doc. A/HRC/7/3/Add.1 (2008) (Special Rapporteur, Manfred Nowak), para. 37, http://www.falunhr.org/reports/UN2008/Torture-UN-08.pdf (recounting joint urgent appeal on Sidik’s case forwarded by the Special Rapporteur and the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Chinese government in 2006). ^
37. Amnesty International, Central Asia: Summary of Human Rights Concerns. January 2006 – March 2007, supra n. 28. For more information on Tohti, see Amnesty International, Kazakstan – Amnesty International Report 2007, supra n. 29; Amnesty International, Kazakstan: Further Information on Forcible Return/Torture/Death Penalty, supra n. 29. ^
38. Ibid. ^
39. Ibid. ^
40. Ibid. ^
41. Ibid. ^
42. Ibid. ^
43. Ibid. ^
44. Ibid. ^
45. U.N. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism,” U.N. Doc. A/HRC/16/51/Add.1 (2010) (Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin), para. 85, http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/16/51/Add.1 (describing joint urgent appeal on Israel’s case, joined by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention; the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression; and the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment). See also Shohret Hoshur, “Uyghur Held in Leak Case,” Radio Free Asia, June 11, 2010, http://www.uyghurnews.com/american/Read.asp?UighurNews=uyghur-held-in-leak-case&ItemID=UR-6282010219445547610657. ^
46. Hoshur, “Uyghur Held in Leak Case,” supra n. 45. ^
47. U.N. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism” (Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin), supra n. 45, at para. 85. ^
48. Ibid. ^
49. Ibid. ^
50. Ibid. ^
51. Ibid. at paras. 1, 85. ^
52. Amnesty International, China: Fear of Torture and Execution/Forcible Return: Jelil Turdi (AKA Zhalil Turdi) (Amnesty International: 2000), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/029/2000/en/b196aecf-ded7-11dd-b9c3-cd3dd9a9c0f7/asa170292000en.html. See also Amnesty International, Central Asia – No Excuse for Escalating Human Rights Violations (Amnesty International: 2001), 8, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR04/002/2001/en/02483746-d8da-11dd-ad8c-f3d4445c118e/eur040022001en.pdf. ^
53. Ibid. ^
54. Ibid. ^
55. Ibid. ^
56. Ibid. ^
57. Ibid. ^
58. Ibid. ^
59. Ibid. ^
60. Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1. ^
61. Ibid. ^
62. Ibid. ^
63. Ibid. ^
64. International Federation for Human Rights, EU-Kyrgyz Republic Cooperation: Human Rights Violations Must Not Be Under-evaluated (International Federation for Human Rights: 2004), 4, http://www.fidh.org/IMG/article_PDF/article_a2065.pdf. See also Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 50-51; Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1. ^
65. See U.N. Security Council, “Supplementary Report of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic in Response to the Preliminary Questions and Remarks of the United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee,” U.N. Doc. S/2003/776 (2003), 14, http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/resources/1373.html. See also Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 50-51; Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1. ^
66. Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1; U.N. Security Council, “Supplementary Report of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic,” supra n. 65, at 14. ^
67. U.N. Security Council, “Supplementary Report of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic,” supra n. 65, at 14. ^
68. Ibid. ^
69. “China Executes Two for Killing Diplomat in Kyrgyzstan,” Associated Press, March 31, 2004, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20883302_ITM; “Murderers of Chinese Envoy to Kyrgyzstan Executed,” Xinhua, March 30, 2004, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20880466_ITM. See also Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 50-51; Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror,” supra n. 1; International Federation for Human Rights, EU-Kyrgyz Republic Cooperation: Human Rights Violations Must Not Be Under-evaluated, supra n. 64, at 4. ^
70. Shohret Hoshur and Erkin Tarim, “Uyghurs Held in Tajikistan,” Radio Free Asia, January 24, 2011, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/tajikistan-01242011150501.html. ^
71. Ibid. ^
72. Ibid. ^
73. Ibid. ^
74. Ibid. ^
75. Ibid. ^
76. Ibid. ^
77. Ibid. ^
78. Ibid. ^
79. Human Rights in China, “Prisoner Profile: Huseyin Celil,” China Rights Forum: Ethnic Groups in China, 2006, no. 4, 114, http://hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.4.2006/CRF-2006-4_Profile.pdf. See also U.N. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism,” U.N. Doc. A/HRC/10/3/Add.1 (2009) (Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin), para. 28, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/10session/A.HRC.10.3.Add.1_EFS.pdf (describing an October 3, 2007 joint communication – joined by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, and the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment – to China regarding Cecil). ^
80. Ibid. ^
81. Ibid. ^
82. Ibid. ^
83. Human Rights in China, “News Roundup,” China Rights Forum: Legal Reform and Accountability, 2007, no. 2, 12, http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.2.2007/CRF-2007-2_Roundup.pdf; “China Jails Uighur-Canadian ‘Terrorist’ for Life,” Reuters, April 22, 2007, http://www.uyghurnews.com/canadian/Read.asp?UighurNews=china-jails-uighur-canadian-terrorist-for-life&ItemID=OD-342008599081836221742. See also Kamila Cecil, “Re: Huseyin Cecil,” Amnesty International, March 28, 2008, http://www.amnesty.ca/themes/resources/huseyin_celil_open_letter.pdf (an open letter from Huseyin Celil’s wife, Kamila Cecil, to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper). ^
84. Amnesty International, “Canadian Citizen Imprisoned in Uzbekistan Re: Huseyin Cecil,” April 4, 2006, http://www.amnesty.ca/archives/open_letter_huseyin_celil.php. ^
85. Human Rights in China, “Prisoner Profile: Huseyin Celil,” China Rights Forum: Ethnic Groups in China, supra n. 78, at 114. ^
86. Human Rights in China, “Monthly Brief February 2007,” February 28, 2007, http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/press?revision_id=34313&item_id=34306#24.< ^
87. Allan Woods, “Has Canada Lost Its Place on World Stage?,” TheToronto Star, January 19, 2011, http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/924785--has-canada-lost-its-place-on-world-stage. ^
88. Hoshur and Tarim, “Uyghurs Held in Tajikistan,” supra n. 70. ^
89. Isa, Uyghur Situation in Central Asia Countries, supra n. 9. ^
90. Ibid. ^
91. Ibid. ^
92. Ibid. ^
93. U.N. Security Council, “Report by the Kyrgyz Republic to the Counter-Terrorism Committee,” U.N. Doc. S/2002/204 (2002), 20, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,UNSC,COUNTRYREP,KGZ,46d6b9b70,0.html (listing Gyunan as a “Chinese national”); Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 52 (describing Gyunan as a Turkish national). ^
94. Ibid. See also Amnesty International, Uighurs Sentenced to Death in Kyrgyzstan May Risk Being Sent Back to China (Amnesty International: 2001), http://amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR58/004/2001/en/cd2e6b94-d92d-11dd-ad8c-f3d4445c118e/eur580042001en.pdf. ^
95. Amnesty International, Uighurs Sentenced to Death in Kyrgyzstan May Risk Being Sent Back to China, supra n. 94. ^
96. U.N. Security Council, “Report by the Kyrgyz Republic to the Counter-Terrorism Committee,” supra n. 93, at 20. ^
97. Ibid. ^
98. Amnesty International, Uighurs Sentenced to Death in Kyrgyzstan May Risk Being Sent Back to China, supra n. 94. ^
99. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 52. ^
100. Ibid. ^
101. U.N. Security Council, “Report by the Kyrgyz Republic to the Counter-Terrorism Committee,” supra n. 93, at 20. ^
102. “Kazakhstan Urged Not to Send Kyrgyz Asylum Seeker Home,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 17, 2009, http://www.rferl.org/content/Activists_Urge_Kazakhstan_Not_To_Send_Kyrgyz_Asylum_Seeker_Home/1854180.html; U.S. Department of State, 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Russia (Washington DC: 2010), http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136054.htm. ^
103. Ibid. ^
104. Ibid. ^
105. U.S. Department of State, 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Russia, supra n. 102. ^
106. Ibid. ^
107. Ibid. ^
108. Ibid. ^
109. “Russia helps Kyrgyzstan Detain Ex-Minister: Reports,” Xinhua, April 26, 2010, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-04/26/c_13267949.htm; “Russian Forces Extradite Ex-Kyrgyz Police Official,” China Post, April 27, 2010, http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/middle-east/2010/04/27/254058/Russian-forces.htm. ^
110. Ibid. ^
111. Ibid. ^
112. Ibid. ^
113. “Russian May Be Sent Back for ‘Murder’,” China Daily, January 12, 2007, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2007-01/12/content_781692.htm. ^
114. Ibid. (stating conflicting information as to whether the killing occurred in January or February 2005). ^
115. Ibid. ^
116. Ibid. ^
117. Ibid. ^
118. Ibid. ^
119. U.N. Security Council, “Report by the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Counter-Terrorism Committee pursuant to Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001,” U.N. Doc. S/2001/1307 (2001), 7, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2F2001%2F1307+&Submit=Search&Lang=E. ^
120. Ibid. ^
121. Ibid. ^
122. U.N. Security Council, “National Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Implementation of Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council,” U.N. Doc. S/2004/658 (2004), 3, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2F2004%2F658+&Submit=Search&Lang=E. ^
123. Ibid. ^
124. Ibid. ^
125. Ibid. ^
126. Ibid. ^
127. “UPDATE: Suspect Extradited from Kazakhstan to Russia Linked with al-Qaeda,” RIA Novosti, September 5, 2005, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20050905/41299944.html. ^
128. Ibid. ^
129. Ibid. ^
130. Ibid. ^
131. Ibid. ^
132. Amnesty International, Tajikistan: Appeal Cases Said Rizvonodzoda and Cousins Nazar and Abdulmajid Davlatov (Amnesty International 2003), 1, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR60/003/2003/en/7ad86051-d6dd-11dd-ab95-a13b602c0642/eur600032003en.pdf. ^
133. Ibid. See also Amnesty International, Tajikistan: Deadly Secrets a Briefing on the Death Penalty (Amnesty International: 2003), 2, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR60/001/2003/en/ca6dde1d-d70c-11dd-b0cc-1f0860013475/eur600012003en.pdf. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 53. ^
134. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 53. ^
135. Ibid. ^
136. Ibid.; Amnesty International, Tajikistan: Appeal Cases Said Rizvonodzoda and Cousins Nazar and Abdulmajid Davlatov, supra n. 132, at 1. ^
137. Amnesty International, Tajikistan: Deadly Secrets a Briefing on the Death Penalty, supra n. 133, at 2; Amnesty International, Tajikistan: Appeal Cases Said Rizvonodzoda and Cousins Nazar and Abdulmajid Davlatov, supra n. 132, at 1; Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 53. ^
138. Ibid. ^
139. International Crisis Group, Tajikistan’s Politics: Confrontation or Consolidation (International Crisis Group: 2004), 3, http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/icg/tajikistanpolitics.pdf. See also Rustam Nazarov, “Tajik Opposition Leader Arrested,” Journal of Turkish Weekly, April 30, 2005, http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/9249/tajik-opposition-leader-arrested.html; “Tajikistan: Former Interior Minister in Dushanbe to Face Trial for Treason,” Eurasianet.org, March 10, 2004, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav031104b.shtml. ^
140. “Tajikistan: Former Interior Minister in Dushanbe to Face Trial for Treason,” Eurasianet.org., supra n. 139. ^
141. Ibid.; Nazarov, “Tajik Opposition Leader Arrested,” supra n. 139. ^
142. “Tajikistan: Former Interior Minister in Dushanbe to Face Trial for Treason,” Eurasianet.org., supra n. 139. ^
143. International Crisis Group, Tajikistan’s Politics: Confrontation or Consolidation, supra n. 139, at 3. ^
144. Nazarov, “Tajik Opposition Leader Arrested,” supra n. 139; “Tajikistan: Former Interior Minister in Dushanbe to Face Trial for Treason,” Eurasianet.org., supra n. 139. ^
145. U.S. Department of State, 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tajikistan (Washington DC: 2008), http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100621.htm; Bruce Pannier, “Tajikistan: Opposition Leader Brought Home to Face Charges, Ex-Interior Minister Imprisoned for 15 Years,” Radio Free Europe, April 27, 2005, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1058667.html; Nazarov, “Tajik Opposition Leader Arrested,” supra n. 139. ^
146. U.S. Department of State, 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tajikistan, March 11, 2010, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/sca/136094.htm. ^
147. Iskandarov v. Russia, Application no. 17185/05, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, September 23, 2010, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4ca1d1e52.pdf. See also U.N. Commission on Human Rights, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism,” U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2006/98/Add.1 (2005) (Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin), para. 13, http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=E/CN.4/2006/98/Add.1 (describing a joint appeal, from both the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, to the government of Tajikistan concerning the case of Iskandarov); U.N. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism,” U.N. Doc. A/HRC/4/26/Add.1 (2007) (Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin), para. 53, http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/4/26/Add.1 (describing the Tajikistan government’s response to the joint appeal, denying allegations that Iskandar was mistreated while detained and that Iskandar’s prosecution was religiously or politically motivated). ^
148. U.N. Human Rights Council, “Opinions Adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention,” Opinion No. 39/2006, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/7/4/Add.1 (2007), para. 18, http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/wgad/39-2006.html. ^
149. Ibid. ^
150. Ibid. ^
151. Ibid. ^
152. Ibid. ^
153. Ibid, at 4. ^
154. Norway Mission to the European Union, “Legal Proceedings against Mr. Iskandarov in Tajikistan,” June 8, 2009, http://www.eu-norway.org/eu/policyareas/foreign_policy/CFSP_statements/Legal_proceedings_against_Mr/; Avaz Yuldoshev, “No Grounds for Review of Criminal Case of Ex-DPT Chairman, Says Supreme Court Chairman,” Asia-Plus, October 14, 2010, http://news.tj/en/news/no-grounds-review-criminal-case-ex-dpt-chairman-says-supreme-court-chairman. ^
155. Yuldoshev, “No Grounds for Review of Criminal Case of Ex-DPT Chairman, Says Supreme Court Chairman,” supra n. 154. See Iskandarov v. Russia, European Court of Human Rights, supra n. 147. ^
156. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 50. ^
157. Ibid. ^
158. Ibid. ^
159. Ibid. ^
160. Ibid. ^
161. The Initiative Group of Independent Human Rights Defenders in Uzbekistan (hereinafter, “IGNPU”), Alternative Report for the United Nations Committee against Torture on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (IGNPU: 2007), para. 20, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/ignpuuzbekistan39.doc. ^
162. Ibid. ^
163. Ibid. ^
164. Ibid; Amnesty International, Uzbekistan – Amnesty International Report 2007 (Amnesty International: 2007), http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/uzbekistan/report-2007. ^
165. Ibid. ^
166. IGNPU, Alternative Report, supra n. 161, at para. 52. ^
167. Amnesty International, Central Asia: Summary of Human Rights Concerns. March 2007 – March 2008 (Amnesty International: 2008), 5, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR04/001/2008/en/5b2d8a92-071d-11dd-badf-1352a91852c5/eur040012008eng.pdf. ^
168. Ibid. ^
169. Ibid. ^
170. Ibid. ^
171. “Kazakhstan Extradites Kyrgyz Citizen to Uzbekistan,” Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, September 14, 2010, http://www.rferl.org/content/Kazakhstan_Extradites_Kyrgyz_Citizen_To_Uzbekistan/2157056.html. ^
172. Human Rights Watch, “Kazakhstan: Letter to the Prosecutor General Regarding 29 Asylum Seekers,” December 2, 2010, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/12/01/kazakhstan-letter-prosecutor-general-regarding-29-asylum-seekers. ^
173. “Kazakhstan Extradites Kyrgyz Citizen to Uzbekistan,” Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, supra n. 171. ^
174. Ibid. ^
175. Human Rights Watch, “Kazakhstan: Letter to the Prosecutor General Regarding 29 Asylum Seekers,” supra n. 172. ^
176. Ibid. ^
177. IGNPU, Alternative Report, supra n. 161, at para. 52. ^
178. Human Rights Watch, “Saving its Secrets: Government Repression in Andijan” (Human Rights Watch, 2008), 48, http://wwww.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2008.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/MUMA-7EG835-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf; IGNPU, Alternative Report, supra n. 161, at para. 52. ^
179. Human Rights Watch, “Saving its Secrets: Government Repression in Andijan,” supra n. 178, at 48. ^
180. Ibid. ^
181. Ibid. ^
182. Ibid.; IGNPU, Alternative Report, supra n. 161, at para. 52. ^
183. Human Rights Watch, “Saving its Secrets: Government Repression in Andijan,” supra n. 178, at 48. ^
184. IGNPU, Alternative Report, supra n. 161, at para. 52. ^
185. Human Rights Watch, “Kazakhstan: Letter to the Prosecutor General Regarding 29 Asylum Seekers,” supra n. 172. ^
186. Ibid. ^
187. Ibid. ^
188. Ibid. ^
189. Ibid. ^
190. Ibid. ^
191. Ibid. ^
192. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 51. ^
193. Ibid. ^
194. Ibid. ^
195. Ibid. ^
196. Human Rights Watch, “Kyrgyzstan: Return of Uzbek Refugees Illegal,” August 8, 2006, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/08/08/kyrgyzstan-return-uzbek-refugees-illegal. ^
197. Ibid. ^
198. Ibid. ^
199. Ibid. ^
200. Ibid. ^
201. See also U.N. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism” (Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin), supra n. 78 , at paras. 370-376 (describing responses received following communication to Uzbek government). ^
202. Ibid. ^
203. Ibid. ^
204. Human Rights Watch, “Kyrgyzstan: Uzbeks Disappear While Seeking Asylum,” August 24, 2006, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/08/24/kyrgyzstan-uzbeks-disappear-while-seeking-asylum. ^
205. Ibid. ^
206. Ibid. ^
207. Ibid. ^
208. Ibid. ^
209. Ibid. ^
210. Amnesty International, “Take Action to Carry Human Rights Along the Silk Route in Central Asia!,” June 2010, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR04/001/2010/en/560c64a9-6a85-4e6c-b519-0daa64ed75e1/eur040012010en.pdf. ^
211. Ibid. ^
212. Ibid. ^
213. Ibid. ^
214. Ibid. ^
215. Ibid. ^
216. Ibid. ^
217. Amnesty International, Central Asia: Summary of Human Rights Concerns. March 2007 – March 2008, supra n. 167, at 7. ^
218. Ibid. ^
219. Ibid. ^
220. Human Rights Watch, “SCO Summit: Crackdown Highlights Failings on Human Rights,” August 16, 2007, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/08/15/sco-summit-crackdown-highlights-failings-human-rights. ^
221. U.N. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,” U.N. Doc. A/HRC/13/39/Add.1 (2010) (Special Rapporteur, Manfred Nowak), para. 164, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/13session/A.HRC.13.39.Add.1_EFS.pdf. ^
222. Ibid. ^
223. Ibid. ^
224. U.S. Department of State, 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom (Washington DC: 2009), http://uzbekistan.usembassy.gov/irf2009.html. ^
225. Memorial, “Kyrgyzstan: The Disappearance of Uzbek Asylum Seekers,” August 5, 2009, http://www.memo.ru/eng/news/2009/09/02/0209095.htm. ^
226. Ibid. ^
227. Ibid. ^
228. Ibid. ^
229. Ibid. ^
230. Ibid. ^
231. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 52-53; Amnesty International, Uzbekistan: Unfair Trials ad Secret Executions (Amnesty International: 2003), 11, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR62/012/2003/en/d8ef0474-d685-11dd-ab95-a13b602c0642/eur620122003en.pdf. ^
232. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 1, at 52-53. ^
233. Ibid. ^
234. Ibid. ^
235. Ibid. ^
236. Ibid. ^
237. Ibid. ^
238. Ibid. ^
239. Ibid. ^
240. Amnesty International, Europe and Central Asia: Summary of Amnesty International’s Concerns in the Region, July-December 2007 (Amnesty International: 2008), 71, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR01/001/2008/en/297fabc1-78fb-11dd-8e5e-43ea85d15a69/eur010012008en.pdf; Human Rights in Russia, Timeline of Illegal Expulsions of Refugees from Russia to the Countries of Their Origin (Human Rights in Russia: 2008), 2, http://www.hro.org/files/Timeline_ENG.doc. ^
241. Human Rights in Ukraine, “Imminent Likelihood of Another Illegal Expulsion from Russia to Uzbekistan,” March 25, 2008, http://www.khpg.org/en/index.php?id=1206450005; Human Rights in Russia, Timeline of Illegal Expulsions of Refugees from Russia, supra n. 240, at 2. ^
242. Amnesty International, Europe and Central Asia: Summary of Amnesty International’s Concerns in the Region, July-December 2007, supra n. 240, at 71 and 118. ^
243. Ibid. ^
244. Ibid.; Human Rights in Russia, Timeline of Illegal Expulsions of Refugees from Russia, supra n. 240, at 2. ^
245. Human Rights in Russia, Timeline of Illegal Expulsions of Refugees from Russia, supra n. 240, at 2. ^
246. Kamaliyevy v. Russia, Application no. 52812/07, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, June 3, 2010, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4c2099f22.html; Human Rights in Russia, Timeline of Illegal Expulsions of Refugees from Russia, supra n. 240, at 2; Human Rights in Ukraine, “Imminent Likelihood of Another Illegal Expulsion from Russia to Uzbekistan,” supra n. 241; Amnesty International, Europe and Central Asia: Summary of Amnesty International’s Concerns in the Region, July-December 2007, supra n. 240, at 32. ^
247. Kamaliyevy v. Russia, supra n. 246. ^
248. “Radical Islamic activist a national of Uzbekistan arrested in Perm – FSB,” Uzbekistan Daily, June 29, 2009, http://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-6236.htm. ^
249. Ibid. ^
250. Ibid. ^
251. Ibid. ^
252. U.S. Department of State, 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Russia, supra n. 102. ^
253. Abdulazhon Isakaov v. Russia, Application no. 14049/08, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, July 8, 2010, 2, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4c3715c92.pdf. ^
254. Ibid. ^
255. Ibid. ^
256. Ibid. ^
257. Ibid. ^
258. Ibid. ^
259. Ibid. ^
260. Amnesty International, Uzbekistan: Questions of Life and Death Cannot Wait until 2008 – A Briefing on the Death Penalty (Amnesty International: 2005), 8, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR62/020/2005/en/9d143821-d4b5-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/eur620202005en.pdf. ^
261. Ibid., at 8-9. ^
262. Ibid. ^
263. Ibid., at 8. ^
264. Ibid. ^
265. Ibid., at 9. ^
266. Ibid. ^
267. Ibid. ^
268. Amnesty International, Central Asia: Summary of Human Rights Concerns. March 2007 – March 2008, supra n. 167, at 33; Amnesty International Uzbekistan: Questions of Life and Death Cannot Wait until 2008, supra n. 260, at 9. ^
269. Amnesty International, Uzbekistan: Questions of Life and Death Cannot Wait until 2008, supra n. 260, at 9. ^
