Appendix D.1: Reported or Suspected Extradictions or Forcible Returns Matrix

Endnotes

1. Cao Li, “Russian May Be Sent Back for Murder,” China Daily, January 12, 2007, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2007-01/12/content_781692.htm (describing orders by Chinese officials to extradite Russian national Shapenkov Nikolay from China to the Russian Federation). ^

2. According to Amnesty International, “[l]ocal NGOs in the [Central Asian] region who assist Uighurs from China estimated that Kazakstan may have returned around 20 Uighurs . . . in recent years, but the exact number is impossible to determine.” Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China Wages Its “War on Terror” (Amnesty International, 2004), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/021/2004/en/4ada86b9-d5cd-11dd-bb24-1fb85fe8fa05/asa170212004en.html. ^

3. “UHRP Condemns Kazakhstan’s Extradition of Uyghurs to China,” Uyghur American Association, November 11, 2004, http://forum.uyghuramerican.org/forum/showthread.php?287-UHRP-Condemns-Kazakhstan-s-Extradition-of-Uyghurs-to-China; “Kazakhstan Extradites Uyghurs to China,” Unrepresented Nations and Peoples’ Organization, November 16, 2004, http://www.unpo.org/article/1467 (both citing a top Kazakhstan official discussing the forcible return of 14 Uyghurs from Kazakhstan to either China or Kyrgyzstan, but without a specific breakdown of numbers returned to each country). ^

4. Amnesty International, Central Asia - No Excuse for Escalating Human Rights Violations (Amnesty International: 2001), 8, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR04/002/2001/en/02483746-d8da-11dd-ad8c-f3d4445c118e/eur040022001en.pdf (reporting that three men were forcibly deported from Kazakhstan to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region [XUAR] in January 1999 before facing a secret trial in April 2001); Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners. The Trend Towards Abolition in the Former Soviet Space (Amnesty International: 2004), 50, http://www.amnesty.org/fr/library/asset/EUR04/009/2004/en/4ceaf140-d548-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/eur040092004en.pdf (identifying Hemit Memet, Kasim Mapir, and Ilyas Zordon as three young Uyghur asylum-seekers in Kazakhstan); Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution,supra n. 2 (reporting that three individuals who were deported from Kazakhstan in February 1999 before facing a secret trial in March 2001); O.S.C.E. Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, “Uyghur Situation in Central Asia Countries (in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan)” O.S.C.E. Doc. HDIM.NGO/68/07 (2007) (Statement by Dolkun Isa, World Uyghur Congress), http://www.osce.org/odihr/27056 (listing several individuals as having been returned back to China and indicating that they were executed in China on October 3, 2000). ^

5. Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution,supra n. 2 (describing how Ahat Memet and Turgan Abbas, two Uyghurs from XUAR, went missing in 2001 after fleeing to Kazakhstan and are believed to have been forcibly returned to China). See also Amnesty International, “Open Letter on Uighur Asylum Seekers in Cambodia,” December 16, 2009, http://www.amnesty.org.nz/news/open-letter-uighur-asylum-seekers-cambodia. ^

6. Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution,supra n. 2; Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 4, at 50 (describing the case of Abdukakhar Idris, a Uyghur asylum-seeker reportedly “disappeared” in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in April or May 2003 and suspected of having been returned to China). See also Amnesty International, “Open Letter on Uighur Asylum Seekers in Cambodia,” December 16, 2009, http://www.amnesty.org.nz/news/open-letter-uighur-asylum-seekers-cambodia. ^

7. Amnesty International, Kazakstan – Amnesty International Report 2007 (Amnesty International: 2007), http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/kazakstan/report-2007 (reporting that “[a]t least three men were forcibly returned to China” from Kazakhstan in 2007, including an unnamed Uyghur asylum-seeker feared to have been forcibly returned following his release from detention, and Yusuf Kadir Tohti and Abdukadir Sidik, two Uyghur men held in incommunicado detention in China after being forcibly returned from Kazakhstan). For more information on Sidik, see Amnesty International, Kazakstan: Summary of Concerns on Torture and Ill-Treatment: Briefing for the United Nations Committee against Torture, November 2008 (Amnesty International: 2008), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR57/001/2008/en/1b06381e-8bd5-11dd-8e5e-43ea85d15a69/eur570012008en.html; Uyghur American Association, “UAA Protests Extradition of Nine Uyghurs from Pakistan to China,” April 28, 2009, http://www.uyghuramerican.org/articles/2852/1/UAA-protests-extradition-of-nine-Uyghurs-from-Pakistan-to-China/index.html. ^

8. U.S. Department of State, “2009 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan,” March 11, 2010, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/sca/136088.htm (citing reports that the Kazakhstan government forcibly returned an unspecified number of Uyghurs to China in 2009). ^

9. U.N. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism,” U.N. Doc. A/HRC/16/51/Add.1 (2010), (Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin), paras. 85-90, http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/16/51/Add.1 (describing urgent appeal to government of Kazakhstan regarding the detention and possible extradition of Ershidin Israel to China). See also Shohret Hoshur, “Uyghur Held in Leak Case,” Radio Free Asia, June 11, 2010, http://www.uyghurnews.com/american/Read.asp?UighurNews=uyghur-held-in-leak-case&ItemID=UR-6282010219445547610657 (describing the disappearance of Ershidin Israel’s brother Enver Israil). ^

10. “UHRP Condemns Kazakhstan’s Extradition of Uyghurs to China,” Uyghur American Association, November 11, 2004, http://forum.uyghuramerican.org/forum/showthread.php?287-UHRP-Condemns-Kazakhstan-s-Extradition-of-Uyghurs-to-China; “Kazakhstan Extradites Uyghurs to China,” Unrepresented Nations and Peoples’ Organization, November 16, 2004, http://www.unpo.org/article/1467 (both citing a top Kazakhstan official discussing the forcible return of 14 Uyghurs from Kazakhstan to either China or Kyrgyzstan, but without a specific breakdown of numbers returned to each country). ^

11. U.N. Security Council, “Report by the Kyrgyz Republic to the Counter-Terrorism Committee,” U.N. Doc. S/2002/204 (2002), 20, http://www.adh-geneva.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/Report-of-the-Kyrgyz-Republic-submitted-to-the-United-Nations-Counter-Terrorism-Committee-pursuant-to-paragraph-6-of-resolution-1373-2001-25-February-2002.pdf (describing the extraditions of Kyrgyz national I. Akhmetov and Chinese nationals Askar Tokhti, Akhmet Gyunan and Ali Mansumu from Kazakhstan to Kyrgyzstan). ^

12. Amnesty International, Uighurs Sentenced to Death in Kyrgyzstan May Risk Being Sent Back to China (Amnesty International: 2001), http://amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR58/004/2001/en/cd2e6b94-d92d-11dd-ad8c-f3d4445c118e/eur580042001en.pdf (describing the case of Nazar Chotchayev and Bakhramzhan Elimov, Uyghurs at risk of being extradited following a death sentence in Kazakhstan). ^

13. U.N. Security Council, “Report to the Counter-Terrorism Committee Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001,” U.N. Doc. S/2001/1307 (2001), 7, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2F2001%2F1307+&Submit=Search&Lang=E (describing the case of Z. Ziyavutbitbinov, forcibly returned by Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation in May 2001). ^

14. U.N. Security Council, “National Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Implementation of Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council,” U.N. Doc. S/2004/658 (2004), 3, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2F2004%2F658+&Submit=Search&Lang=E (describing the case of R. Kushagov, forcibly returned by Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation on April 20, 2004). ^

15. “Replies of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Questions Posed by the Experts of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Concerning the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001),” U.N. Doc S/2005/287 (2005), 6, http://www.adh-geneve.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/KAZ-1373-5th-Report-N0533862-1-2005.pdf (stating that “five Russian citizens, members of illegal Chechen armed gangs who had fled to Kazakhstan, were arrested and extradited to the Russian Federation” in 2005); “UPDATE: Suspect Extradited from Kazakhstan to Russia Linked with al-Qaeda,” RIA Novosti, September 5, 2005, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20050905/41299944.html (describing the case of Rustam Chagilov, alleged to have links with “terrorist camps in Chechnya” and forcibly returned by Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation on September 1, 2005 – although unclear as to whether this individual was one of those described in the preceding source). ^

16. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 4, at 50 (describing the forcible return of Kozimbek Zakirov to Uzbekistan after his arrest in Kazakhstan on March 5, 1999). ^

17. “Kazakhstan Urged to Probe Extradition of Uzbeks,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 23, 2007, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1078318.html; “Kazakh Security Service Recognized Responsibility for Illegal Transfer of Islamists to Uzbekistan,” AxisGlobe, August 20, 2007, http://cjes.ru/media/?pid=2889&lang=rus&PHPSESSID=a53256ea639a9b14b165bd94b4b5a1c4 (both reporting in 2007 that 56 Uzbek asylum-seekers were returned by Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan “over the past two years”). See also International Federation for Human Rights, Kazakhstan/Kyrgyzstan: Exploitation of Migrant Workers, Protection Denied to Asylum Seekers and Refugees (FIDH: 2009), 62-63, 70, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/ngos/FIDH_Kazakhstan_76.pdf (citing a Kazakhstan official as stating that more than 50 members of Islamic parties or banned groups had been arrested and sent back from Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan). ^

18. Amnesty International, Kazakhstan – Amnesty International Report 2007, supra n. 7; International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF), International Helsinki Federation Annual Report on Human Rights Violations (2006): Kazakhstan (IHF: 2006), 226-27, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/469392900.html; “Central Asia - Summary of Human Rights Concerns,” Uyghur News, April 4, 2007, http://www.uyghurnews.com/american/Read.asp?UighurNews=central-asia-summary-of-human-rights-concerns&ItemID=IV-2172008312011543085344 (describing the reported forcible return of nine individuals from Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan in November 2005, as well as an assertion by Kazakhstan authorities that the men were actually detained by Uzbekistan authorities on Uzbekistan territory); Surat Ikramov, Alternative Report for the United Nations Committee against Torture on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (The Initiative Group of Independent Human Rights Defenders in Uzbekistan: 2007), http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/ignpuuzbekistan39.doc (describing the forcible return of Rukhiddin Fakhruddinov and eight followers of Imam Obidkhon Nazarov from Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan). ^

19. Marat Yermukanov, “Kazakhstan Exacerbates ‘Religious Threat’ by Maneuvering Between Beijing and Washington,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, No. 90 (2006), http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=31663&tx_ttnews[backPid]=177&no_cache=1 (describing the extradition of an unnamed Uzbekistan national and alleged member of the extremist Hizb-ut-Tahrir party from Uzbekistan to Kazakhstan sometime after his arrest in April 2006). ^

20. Amnesty International, Central Asia: Summary of Human Rights Concerns: March 2007 – March 2008 (Amnesty International: 2008), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR04/001/2008/en/5b2d8a91-071d-11dd-badf-1352a91852c5/eur040012008eng.html#2.2.Refugees%20and%20Asylum-seekers|outline (discussing the reported forced disappearance of Khurshid Shamsuddinov and reported attempted forcible return of Ulugbek Khaidarov from Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan). ^

21. “Kazakhstan Extradites Kyrgyz Citizen to Uzbekistan,” Radio Free Europe, September 14, 2010, http://www.rferl.org/content/Kazakhstan_Extradites_Kyrgyz_Citizen_To_Uzbekistan/2157056.html; Human Rights Watch, “Kazakhstan: Letter to the Prosecutor General regarding 29 Asylum Seekers,” December 2, 2010, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/12/01/kazakhstan-letter-prosecutor-general-regarding-29-asylum-seekers; Human Rights Watch, World Report 2011: Kazakhstan, January 2011, http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/kazakhstan (all addressing the suspected forcible returns of four men – Khurshid Kamilov, Saidakhmad Kholmatov, Umarali Abdurakhmanov, and Rasul Rakhmonov – from Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan). ^

22. “Kazakhstan: Uzbek Refugee Case Could Create Headache for Astana,” Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan, November 8, 2010, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62332; Human Rights Watch, World Report 2011: Kazakhstan, supra n. 21 (describing the cases of up to 31 Uzbek asylum seekers held in detention in Kazakhstan and facing deportation to Uzbekistan). See also “Order to Extradite 29 Refugees,” Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan, October 11, 2010, http://en.hrsu.org/2010/10/11/order-to-extradite-29-refugees-to-uzbekistan/#more-816 (open letter from the wives of the detained asylum seekers). ^

23. Amnesty International specified that Kyrgyzstan may have “returned around 50 Uighurs” to China in recent years, but “the exact number is impossible to determine.” Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution,supra n. 2; Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 4, at 51. ^

24. Amnesty International, Central Asia - No Excuse,supra n. 4, at 8; Amnesty International, China: Fear of Torture and Execution/Forcible Return: Jelil Turdi (AKA Zhalil Turdi) (Amnesty International: 2000) http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/029/2000/en/b196aecf-ded7-11dd-b9c3-cd3dd9a9c0f7/asa170292000en.html (describing the forcible return of Jelil Turdi, an ethnic Uyghur from XUAR, from Kyrgyzstan to China in April 2000). ^

25. Amnesty International, People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution,supra n. 2 (describing the forcible returns in 2002 of ethnic Uyghurs Memet Sadik [or Mamet Sadyk], Memet Yasin [or Mamet Yasyn], Rahmutulla Islayil, and Arken Yakuf from Kyrgyzstan to China in 2002); Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 4, at 51 (also discussing the cases of Rahmutulla Islayil and Arken Yakuf); U.N. Security Council, “Supplementary Report of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic in Response to the Preliminary Questions and Remarks of the United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee,” U.N. Doc. S/2003/776 (2003), 14, http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/resources/1373.html (citing the July 2002 extraditions of “Israil Rakhmutullah” and “Yakub Erkin” – likely referring to Rahmutulla Islayil and Arken Yakuf – from Kyrgyzstan to China). ^

26. “Kyrgyz Rights Activists Call for End to Deportation of Uighurs to China,” EurasiaNet, January 24, 2004, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articles/pp012504.shtml (describing reports that two unnamed ethnic Uyghur men were forcibly returned from Kyrgyzstan to China in 2003). ^

27. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 4, at 51 (describing the cases of Zakirzhon Khasanov, Mukhamad Abdurakhmanov, and Talatbek Nuraliyev, who were forcibly returned from Kyrgyzstan to Uzbekistan in 1999); U.N. Security Council, “Report by the Kyrgyz Republic,” supra n. 11, at 25 (describing the 1999 detention by Kyrgyzstan authorities of nine unnamed Uzbekistan nationals suspected of terrorist activity and eventually extradited to Uzbekistan – unclear whether this group includes Khasanov, Abdurakhmanov, and Nuraliyev, described in the preceding source). ^

28. Council of the European Union, “Danish Fact-Finding Mission to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (27 May to 10 June 2001),” E.U. Doc. 5263/02 (2002), 48, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3df42e044.html (describing the cases of two unnamed Uzbekistan nationals forcibly returned from Kyrgyzstan to Uzbekistan in 2000). ^

29. Ibid. (describing the cases of four unnamed Uzbekistan nationals forcibly returned from Kyrgyzstan to Uzbekistan in 2001). ^

30. International Federation for Human Rights, Kazakhstan/Kyrgyzstan: Exploitation of Migrant Workers, supra n. 17, at 73-74 (suggesting that anywhere from 6-23 Uzbek refugees and asylum seekers were suspected to have disappeared from Kyrgyzstan from 2005 to 2009, and that during that time, the Kyrgyz government forcibly returned an additional 12 Uzbek refugees and asylum seekers). See also Human Rights Watch, “Uzbekistan: Abducted Refugee on Trial, Kyrgyzstan Should Protect Refugees and Asylum Seekers,” February 5, 2009, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/05/uzbekistan-abducted-refugee-trial. ^

31. Initiative Group of Independent Human Rights Defenders in Uzbekistan, Alternative Report for the United Nations Committee against Torture on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Initiative Group of Independent Human Rights Defenders in Uzbekistan: 2007), 12, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/ignpuuzbekistan39.doc (describing the forcible return of Kabul Parpiev and his 41 supporters from Kyrgyzstan to Uzbekistan in December 2005). ^

32. “Russia: European Court Rules for ‘Andijon’ Plaintiffs, Warns Against Extradition,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, April 28, 2008, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1109644.html (reporting that by 2008, Kyrgyzstan extradited five Uzbek nationals accused of being linked to violent unrest in Uzbekistan’s Andijon region in 2005). ^

33. “Kyrgyzstan: Uzbeks Disappear While Seeking Asylum,” Human Rights Watch, August 24, 2006, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/08/24/kyrgyzstan-uzbeks-disappear-while-seeking-asylum (describing the disappearances of Ilhom Abdunabiev, Bakhtiar Ahmedov, Valim Babajanov, Saidullo Shakirov, and Isroil Kholdorov, all Uzbek asylum seekers in Kyrgyzstan suspected to have been forcibly returned to Uzbekistan); “Kyrgyzstan: Return of Uzbek Refugees Illegal,” Human Rights Watch, August 8, 2006, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/08/08/kyrgyzstan-return-uzbek-refugees-illegal (describing the forcible return of Jahongir Maksudov, Rasul Pirmatov, Odiljon Rahimov, Yakub Tashbaev, and Fayezjon Tajihalilov from Kyrgyzstan to Uzbekistan). ^

34. “SCO Summit: Crackdown Highlights Failings on Human Rights,” Human Rights Watch, August 16, 2007, http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/08/15/sco-summit-crackdown-highlights-failings-human-rights (describing how Kyrgyzstan forcibly returned Otabek Muminov to Uzbekistan in 2007); “Uzbeks at Risk of Forcible Return,” Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan, September 29, 2010, http://en.hrsu.org/2010/09/29/30-ethnic-uzbek-refugees-and-asylum-seekers/ (reporting that Nozim Mamadaliev, a Kyrgyzstani citizen, died in custody in 2007 after being extradited to Uzbekistan, although it is unclear whether Mamadaliev was extradited in the same year as his death). ^

35. U.N. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,” U.N. Doc. A/HRC/13/39/Add.1 (2010) (Special Rapporteur, Manfred Nowak), para. 164, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/13session/A.HRC.13.39.Add.1_EFS.pdf (describing the extradition of Erkin Kholikov from Kyrgyzstan to Uzbekistan in 2008). ^

36. U.S. Department of State, “2009 Human Rights Report: Uzbekistan,” March 11, 2010, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/sca/136096.htm (citing allegations that “unknown Uzbek speakers abducted a citizen refugee and his young son in Kyrgyzstan and reportedly returned them” to Uzbekistan); Vitaly Ponomarev, “Kyrgyzstan: The Disappearance of Uzbek Asylum Seekers,” HRC Memorial, August 5, 2009, http://www.memo.ru/eng/news/2009/09/02/0209095.htm (identifying Sanjar Hudaiberganov and his 11-year-old son Sarvarbek Erkinzoda as disappeared and feared returned from Kyrgyzstan to Uzbekistan, and noting that Sanjar Hudaiberganov is brother of Iskandar Hudaiberganov, extradited from Tajikistan to Uzbekistan in 2002). See also Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 4, for details on the extradition of Iskandar Hudaiberganov. ^

37. “Kazakhstan Urged Not to Send Kyrgyz Asylum Seeker Home,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 17, 2009, http://www.rferl.org/content/Activists_Urge_Kazakhstan_Not_To_Send_Kyrgyz_Asylum_Seeker_Home/1854180.html (describing the case of Abdulrasul Mamarakhimov, who was ordered extradited by the Russian Federation to Kyrgyzstan, but who was being held by Kazakhstan authorities while en route to Kyrgyzstan under international pressure on Kazakhstan to prevent completion of Mamarakhimov’s extradition); U.S. Department of State, “2009 Human Rights Report: Russia,” March 11, 2010, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136054.htm (reporting that Mamarakhimov remained in detention in Kazakhstan as of the end of 2009) ^

38. “Russian Forces Extradite Ex-Kyrgyz Police Official,” The China Post, April 27, 2010, http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/middle-east/2010/04/27/254058/Russian-forces.htm (describing the extradition of Moldomusa Kongantiyev from the Russian Federation to Kyrgyzstan). ^

39. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 4, at 53 (describing the extradition of Saidamir Karimov from the Russian Federation to Tajikistan). ^

40. “Tajikistan: Former Interior Minister In Dushanbe To Face Trial For Treason,” Eurasianet.org, March 10, 2004, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav031104b.shtml (describing the extradition of Yakub Salminov from the Russian Federation to Tajikistan). ^

41. “Mr Mahmadruzi Iskandarov v. Tajikistan, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention,” Opinion No. 39/2006, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/7/4/Add.1, 18 (2007), http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/wgad/39-2006.html (describing the extradition of Mahmadruzi Iskandarov from the Russian Federation to Tajikistan). ^

42. Amnesty International, Belarus and Uzbekistan: The Last Executioners, supra n. 4, at 52-53 (describing the extradition of Polvonnazar Khodzhayev from the Russian Federation to Uzbekistan). ^

43. Mikhail Vinogradov, “Борцы с терроризмом договорились о сотрудничестве” {“Antiterrorist Fighters Agree to Cooperate”}, Izvestia, April 3, 2006, http://izvestia.ru/politic/article3091651/?print (citing official statements that the Russian Federation had extradited 19 individuals suspected of terrorist links to Uzbekistan). ^

44. Human Rights in Ukraine, “Imminent Likelihood of Another Illegal Expulsion from Russia to Uzbekistan,” March 25, 2008, http://www.khpg.org/en/index.php?id=1206450005 (describing the extradition of Abdugani Kamaliyev from the Russian Federation to Uzbekistan, despite a request by the European Court of Human Rights that the Russian Federation await its pending decision before doing so). ^

45. U.S. Department of State, “2009 Human Rights Report: Russia,” supra n. 37 (citing reports that Atabek Tukhtamuradov, an Uzbek citizen, was “administratively expelled” from the Russian Federation to Uzbekistan). ^

46. Ibid. (describing the cases of Ambullazhon Isakov and Yashin Dzhurayev, both detained by Russian Federation authorities as of the end of 2009 and at risk for extradition to Uzbekistan). ^

47. Shohret Hoshur and Erkin Tarim, “Uyghurs Held in Tajikistan,” Radio Free Asia, January 24, 2011, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/tajikistan-01242011150501.html  (discussing the case of Ablimit Dawatoglu, Kamiljan Omeroglu, and Ehmet Rashidi, three Uyghurs with Turkish citizenship being held in Tajikistan, with suspicion by some that they may face extradition to China). ^

48. Amnesty International, Uzbekistan: Questions of Life and Death Cannot Wait until 2008 – A Briefing on the Death Penalty (Amnesty International: 2005), 8, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR62/020/2005/en/9d143821-d4b5-11dd-8a23-d58a49c0d652/eur620202005en.pdf; Amnesty International, Central Asia: Summary of Human Rights Concerns. March 2007 – March 2008 (Amnesty International: 2007), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR04/001/2007/en/1115bfaf-d3a7-11dd-a329-2f46302a8cc6/eur040012007en.html (both sources describing the extradition of Iskandar Khudaiberganov from Tajikistan to Uzbekistan in February 2002). See also Vitaly Ponomarev, “Kyrgyzstan: The Disappearance of Uzbek Asylum Seekers,” HRC Memorial, August 5, 2009, http://www.memo.ru/eng/news/2009/09/02/0209095.htm, supra n. 36, for details on the possible extradition of Khudaiberganov’s brother and 11-year-old nephew, Sanjar Hudaiberganov and Sarvarbek Erkinzoda, respectively, from Kyrgyzstan to Uzbekistan in 2009. ^

49. Alex Neve, “Canadian Citizen Imprisoned in Uzbekistan Re: Huseyin Cecil,” Amnesty International, April 4, 2006, http://www.amnesty.ca/archives/open_letter_huseyin_celil.php; Kamila Cecil, “Re: Huseyin Cecil,” Amnesty International, March 28, 2008, http://www.amnesty.ca/themes/resources/huseyin_celil_open_letter.pdf; Human Rights in China, “Prisoner Profile: Huseyin Celil,” China Rights Forum: Ethnic Groups in China, no. 4 (2006), 114, http://hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.4.2006/CRF-2006-4_Profile.pdf (describing the case of Chinese-born Canadian citizen Huseyin Celil, a Uyghur man forcibly returned from Uzbekistan to China). ^

50. O.S.C.E. Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, “Uyghur Human Rights Situation,” supra n. 4 (describing the extradition of Uyghur businessman Rehmetjan Ehmet from Uzbekistan to China in 2007). ^

51. “Uzbekistan Extradites 2 Kyrgyz Citizens Detained by Frontier Officers to Kyrgyzstan,” Central Asia News, July 16, 2009, http://en.ca-news.org/news/78901. ^